Using updated American Community Survey 2012-2016 Estimates, U.S. Census Bureau researchers found that in a number of areas, the inclusion of off-campus students had a statistically significant effect on local poverty rates, in some cases increasing the rate by 10 or more percentage points.
More information can be obtained at https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2018/10/off-campus-college-students-poverty.html.